26 MSCs were safer than conventional therapies used for late-stage T2DM treatment. They also express low immunogenicity because of low MHC 1 and 2 and do not cause the activation of lymphocytes. The study used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because they can easily differentiate into any cell type. The results from six clinical trials included 262 T2DM patients and demonstrated that MSCs are safe to use and do not display any severe adverse effects only nausea and vomiting were reported in two clinical trials.
These studies were designed to assess the safety and efficacy of MSCs for the treatment of T2DM. A slight elevation in C peptide levels after a six-month follow-up. Significant decrease in HbAc1 levels and FBG levels. Safe and effective treatment with mild adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting in 2 patients Simple, safe, and effective therapeutic approach for T2D patients with islet cell dysfunction.įurther large-scale, randomized and well-controlled clinical studies will be required to substantiate these observations LIRA treatment in combination with UC-MSCs improves glucose metabolism and the β cell function in type 2 diabetic patients ΔCP30/ΔG30 and AUCCP180 were significantly increased, and HOMA-IR was decreased considerably Improved beta cells, low insulin requirement, no diabetic complications Reduction in glycaemic index and insulin requirement. Improved beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Reduction in HbA1c, FBG, and C-peptide levels after six months, Single group assignment (Interventional) Parallel Assignment (RCT)Īdverse events (AE) of hyper-/hypo- glycemia were noted with IV vs. This paper studies the current clinical trials which utilize mesenchymal stem cells and assesses the safety and efficacy of these treatments for late-stage T2DM. 16 To overcome the drawbacks faced by the currently available treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes, stem cell infusion therapies are being developed with the help of mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells. They express low levels of MHC class I, no MHC class II, and do not trigger a proliferative T-cells response. 15 MSCs can differentiate in multiple cell types and have low immunogenicity. 14 MSCs are the most utilized in T2DM clinical trials because they can be isolated from various autologous or allogenic tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. There are three main types of stem cells used for T2DM treatment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. These stem cells are being assessed in clinical trials to treat various diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, 11 multiple sclerosis, 12 multiple myeloma, 13 etc. 10 These cells can renew, regenerate, and secrete crucial factors to maintain other cell types. Novel stem cell-based therapies were promising for their treatment. 9 Alternative therapies are essential for the management of T2DM.
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8 Insulin injections, given when the glucose level is not controlled by lifestyle intervention or chemotherapeutic agents, are invasive and associated with poor compliance and can lead to adverse events such as lipohypertrophy, infections, skin allergy at the site of injection, and development of antibodies against the exogenous insulin. Moreover, these treatments do not reduce the decline of pancreatic β-cell function but instead mitigate the symptoms of the disease ( Figure 1). The chemotherapeutic treatments are associated with several side effects, including hepatotoxicity, hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal disturbances, respiratory tract infection, and others. 7 There are multiple limitations to the conventional treatment methods for T2DM. 6 For late-stage T2DM, transplantation of the pancreas remains the mainstay option, but it is costly and characterized by a high risk of recurrence. 4 (Conventional therapies for T2DM can include lifestyle and diet changes to control the weight and caloric inputs, as well as oral glucose-lowering drugs such as liraglutide (Victoza), semaglutide (Ozempic), and dulaglutide (Trulicity), 5 and ultimately daily insulin injections. 3 T2DM, if not controlled, can lead to long-term complications such as ischemic heart attack, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic retinopathy. 2 T2DM majorly occurs in people over 50 years of age but has become increasingly frequent in adults and children below 20.
1 In comparison to Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, T2DM has a higher prevalence worldwide, accounting for approximately 537 million people in 2021, a number projected to rise to 643 and 783 million people by 20, respectively. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the dysregulation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins and associated with impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both.
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